| Today's Word: | *dó- |
| Translation: | to give, to take, exchange |
| Cognates (66): | |
| Hellenic | Greek didwmi (I give) - the stem
reduplication in the present tense used to be frequent in many IE tongues
New Greek dido (I give) |
|
Italic |
Latin dare (to give), do
(I give), dedi (I gave) - here the reduplication was preserved
in the perfect; donum (a gift, a talent), Oscan deded
(he gave), didest (he will give), donom (a
gift), Umbrian dirsa- (I give), Pelignan dida-
(I give); >
Daco-Romanian da (to give), Megleno-Romanian dare, Istroromanian dou (I give), Spanish dar, Catalan donar, Italian dare, Ladin der, Romanian a da, French donner, Aromanian dau, Sardinian dare, Portuguese dar, Occitan douna |
|
Celtic
|
Common Celtic *do- (to give);
>
Old Irish dobiur, tabur (to give), tabraim (I give thou), Irish & Scottish Gaelic tabhair (give!), Irish dán (fate, destiny), Welsh dawn (a gift, talent) |
| Indic | Sanskrit da- (to give), dadáti (he gives);
>
Gypsy dav (to give), Lahnda dewen, Nepali dinu, Kashmiri dyunu, Singhalese denawa, Khaskura dinu, Punjabi & Hindi & Urdu dena, Bengali deoa, Marathi dene |
| Dardic | Khowar dom (I give), doy (he will give) |
| Iranian | Avestan dadáiti (he gives), >
Ossetic daettyn (to give), Baluchi datha, Tadjik dodan, Persian dadan |
| Anatolian | Common Anatolian *da- (to give, to take); >
Hittite da- (to give), Luwian da- (to take), Lydian da (to give), dét (property) |
| Armenian tam (I will give), dal, tal (to give) | |
| Albanian dhashe" (gave) | |
| Germanic - not found | |
|
Baltic |
Common Baltic *dá- (to give);
>
Lithuanian duoti (to give), duodu (I give), Old Prussian dátweí (to give, to let), padátan (given), Sudovian dátun (to give), dais (give!), Latvian dot (to give) |
|
Slavic |
Common Slavic *dati (to give),
*dami (I give, I will give); >
Ukrainian & Old Church Slavonic & Slovene & Czech & Serbian dati (to give), Bulgarian & Macedonian dam (I give), Belorussian dats' (to give), Polish & Upper Sorbian dac', Lower Sorbian das', Russian dat' (to give), davat' (to give many times), daju (I give), dam (I will give) |
| Notes: | It is strange to see how the same stem can mean
opposite verbs, "to give" and "to take". But it seems that in Proto-Indo-European
this stem denoted something connected with the exchange, where both sides
participate. This was discovered, when Luwian and Hittite texts opened
the meaning "to take", though the majority of Indo-European languages agree
to "to give".
The verb was athematic in ancient IE tongues, such as Greek and Sanskrit, and was conjugated with the ending *-mi in the 1st person singular in the present. Interesting that the stem was reduplicated practically in all branches of the family: this "double stem" was a rather frequent phenomenon in Indo-European. |